- Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond. They are formed when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction, losing a water molecule. Common disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (found in germinating grains).
How is it Made?
Disaccharides are formed through the combination of two monosaccharides in a dehydration reaction, where one molecule of water is removed. The specific types of monosaccharides involved determine the kind of disaccharide produced. For example:
- Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose.
- Lactose is formed from glucose and galactose.
- Maltose is formed from two glucose molecules.
Uses
Food Production
- Sweeteners: Disaccharides like sucrose and lactose are widely used as sweeteners in food and beverages, enhancing the flavor of products like candies, soft drinks, and dairy items.
- Energy Source: Disaccharides are also used in energy drinks, snacks, and other foods for their ability to provide a quick source of energy once broken down into their monosaccharide components.
Pharmaceuticals
- Excipient: Disaccharides such as lactose are often used in pharmaceuticals as excipients or fillers in tablets, capsules, and other oral medications.
- Sweetening Agent: Some disaccharides are used in liquid formulations to make medicines more palatable, particularly for children or those who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Cosmetics
- Humectants: Some disaccharides, such as sucrose, are used in cosmetics to help retain moisture in skin care products, preventing dehydration and promoting smooth, hydrated skin.
Key Facts
- Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharides connected by a glycosidic bond.
- They are broken down into their monosaccharide components in the digestive system by enzymes like sucrase, lactase, and maltase.
- Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose are widely used in both natural and processed foods.
Health Benefits and Safety
- Potential Health Benefits:
- Disaccharides provide a readily available source of energy, especially glucose, which is essential for brain function and physical activity.
- Lactose, when properly digested, can be a source of calcium and support bone health.
- Possible Side Effects:
- Lactose intolerance is common in many people, where the body lacks the enzyme lactase to break down lactose, leading to digestive discomfort such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
- Excessive consumption of disaccharides, particularly sucrose, can contribute to weight gain, insulin resistance, and tooth decay.
Its chemical formula for sucrose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.